In the first part of this post there were the cars, here are the chameleons: such name is not related to the ALE Addresses but rather to the configuration of the stations. A third part will follow in case of news or updates.
The two following networks, although they exhibit different behaviors, share some aspects which lead to think to the same source/organization or at least to the same Country. As said in the first part, the purpose is only hobbystic; sensitive and confidential messages contents, if any, are anyway not published. I'm interested on the way the "boxes" travel and NOT on their content.
The two following networks, although they exhibit different behaviors, share some aspects which lead to think to the same source/organization or at least to the same Country. As said in the first part, the purpose is only hobbystic; sensitive and confidential messages contents, if any, are anyway not published. I'm interested on the way the "boxes" travel and NOT on their content.
AB-net
Stations and ALE addresses of this network are: ABD1, ABG6, ABF2, ABS5, ABK4, ABH3, and ABC7 that acts as net-control. Transmissions are scheduled on tuesday and thursday from about 0730 UTC and usually follow the schema link-send-terminate. Links are initiates by ABC7 and always in the same order, ie: ABD1 first then, ABG6, ABF2, ABS5, ABK4, and ABH3 as last. Other than 188-141A for ALE, STANAG-5066 is used for messaging and STANAG-4285 as HF waveform (fig. 1), settings are 1200bps and short interleaver. I monitored this net on 5838.0 KHz/USB, that seems to be the main channel, but other frequencies are also used.
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| fig. 1 |
In the firts loop, stations are contacted by ABC7 for a radio-check, then in case the net-control has messages to send, the stations are again contacted and always in the same order. Sometimesthe sending phase follows the radio-chek so that the stations are worked one time only, the sending is always preceeded by a voice-exchange of a pair of authentication keys according to the sequence diagramof fig. 2. A common phrasebook for telecommunications, in english, is strictly used.
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| fig. 2 - sequence diagram |
The authentication keys consist of 4 numeric digits for the "my-auth-id" key and 2 numeric digits for the "auth-id" key , eg:
ABC7: alpha bravo x y this is alpha bravo charlie seven, authenticate 79
ABXY: alpha bravo charlie seven, this is alpha bravo x y, my authenticate 6843, authenticate 74
ABC7: this is alpha bravo charlie seven, my authenticate 2895
ABXY: ok send your message
A fter finishing sendingthe message, the net-control station asks the receiver peer to confirm the message-number then link is terminated and the next station in turn is contacted.
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| fig. 3 - 188-141A 3-way handshake and Auth keys exchange |
The messaging system use the HBFTP protocol to deliver compressed e-mail files, COMSEC devices are not present(unclassified messages?) so, once removed STANAG-4285 and STANAG-5066 overheads, important clues and information can be drawn from an examination of the e-mail headers (fig. 4).
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| fig- 4 |
The sender and receiver stations belong to the e-mail domain 123 (point 1) and it's the common domain of all the stations of this network.The message has been received from, and by,the same host whose name islinux.site; "CROZ ESMTP/HMTP Gateway"most likely is the name of the STANAG-5066 application (point 2). The IP address in the field "Received from" is 127.0.0.1 or localhost (not wired to a LAN ?).
The hostnameand the e-mail client fingerprint (point 4) clearly reveal that they use a Linux system, specifically: SUSE Linux 3.1.14. Indeed, the mention of chameleons I adopted just derives from the official logo of SUSE.
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The system language is the plain en-US without language/keyboard customization.
The use of Linux is per se an interesting and peculiar element of this network, but it's not the only one. The emailincludes one attached jpeg/image file whose name is "PRILOG 5 - PRILOG ZA SLANJE E-MAILA.jpg". This language suggest a Slavic origin (google-translator), as confirmed by the system timezone at point "3" (+0200), time-zone and especially the language restrict the candidate Countries to two: HIB and HRV. Anyway, the most surprising fact is that the e-mails I decoded have that same attached filename although it refers two images, in other words they always use the same name for the attachments (fig. 5).
On my side I can't rebuild the original images from the received S-5066 fragments but I can see at least the upper part of such images:they are always the same (fig. 6), although the image "B" is the most used in the attachments.
The reasons behind such way to comunicate are obscure: test? steganography?.., difficult to state unless speculations.
In the above fig. 2 we have seen that the net-control stations asks a confirm of the received message-number: this a progressive number and matches thesubject of the corresponding e-mail. The message-number is initialized to a new initial value at each day and assigned to the subject of the e-mail sent to the first station inthe calling list (ie: ABD1, user1@asdf.123) and then is incremented by one at each step (fig. 7).
The choice of the initial value is apparentlyodd: fig. 8 is an example
06 Oct: initial value 600
11 Oct: initial value 603
13 Oct: initial value 508
18 Oct: initial value 610
The hostnameand the e-mail client fingerprint (point 4) clearly reveal that they use a Linux system, specifically: SUSE Linux 3.1.14. Indeed, the mention of chameleons I adopted just derives from the official logo of SUSE.
The use of Linux is per se an interesting and peculiar element of this network, but it's not the only one. The emailincludes one attached jpeg/image file whose name is "PRILOG 5 - PRILOG ZA SLANJE E-MAILA.jpg". This language suggest a Slavic origin (google-translator), as confirmed by the system timezone at point "3" (+0200), time-zone and especially the language restrict the candidate Countries to two: HIB and HRV. Anyway, the most surprising fact is that the e-mails I decoded have that same attached filename although it refers two images, in other words they always use the same name for the attachments (fig. 5).
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| fig. 5 - two e-mails, different ricipients but same attached filename |
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| fig. 6 |
In the above fig. 2 we have seen that the net-control stations asks a confirm of the received message-number: this a progressive number and matches thesubject of the corresponding e-mail. The message-number is initialized to a new initial value at each day and assigned to the subject of the e-mail sent to the first station inthe calling list (ie: ABD1, user1@asdf.123) and then is incremented by one at each step (fig. 7).
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| fig. 7 |
06 Oct: initial value 600
11 Oct: initial value 603
13 Oct: initial value 508
18 Oct: initial value 610
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| fig. 8 |
5054-net
I spotted a QRG, 5054.0 KHz/USB, where stations of this network do not use 188-141A before messages sending and traffic is less frequent, not to say sporadic. STANAG-5066 HMTP protocol is used instead of HBFTP (fig. 9) and, as for the AB-net, STANAG-4285 is the transporting HF waveform. The lack of the ALE phase is quite odd since the heard transmissions are not bcasts but rather PtP messages: or links are negotiated in other channels/way or receivers are always in listening state. For sure, no 188-141A means no ALE Addresses to collect from this network.
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| fig. 9 - HMTP-66 protocol |
By a quick examination of the e-mails headers (fig. 10) it's easy to see that this network belongs to the same organization/authority of the previous AB-net: same OS (Linux SUSE), same STANAG-5066 application (CROZ ESMTP/HMTP Gateway) and - above all - same attachment filename (PRILOG 5 - PRILOG ZA SLANJE E-MAILA.jpg) can't be a coincidence.
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| fig. 10 |
Addresses and origin/owner of the networks
I never heard e-mail exchanges between the two nets but only e-mails sent from linux-a5kz to the other stations of AB-net and e-mails sent from linux-2o6y.site to other stations of 5054-net: this leds to think that these are the main stations of their respective networks.It's interesting to pay a look at the e-mail addresses of the two newtorks:
ALE e-mail address
[AB-net]
ABC7 user1@asdf.123
ABD1 user1@sdfg.123
ABG6 user1@dfgh.123
ABF2 user1@fghj.123
ABS5 user1@ghjk.123
ABK4 user1@jklp.123
ABH3 ?
[5054-net]
- user1@aysxd.111
- user1@lost62.111
- user1@dres32.111
- user1@fejk8.111
As expected, the networks belong to two different e-mail domains "123" and "111": behind such choice there is surely acertain logic but unfortunately do not offer any clue for identification.
AB-net seems to use non-sense (?) alphabetical addresses (asdf, sdfg,...) while 5054-net seems to use a sort of "structured" names (lost62, dres,32, fejk8,...). It's worth noting that the AB-net addresses, if listed in the order of the calling list, exhibit a left-shift of 3 letters. According to this schema, ABH3 could have the address user1@klpq.123 (m,n,o seem to be not used).
ALE Stanag-5066 address e-mail address
[AB-net]
ABC7 006.008.001.039 user1@asdf.123 (ncs)
ABD1 006.008.004.166 user1@sdfg.123
ABG6 006.008.004.165 user1@dfgh.123
ABF2 006.008.006.226 user1@fghj.123
ABS5 006.008.008.215 user1@ghjk.123
ABK4 006.008.002.144 user1@jklp.123
ABH3 006.008.002.055 ?
[5054-net]
- 006.008.004.165 user1@aysxd.111 (ncs)
- 006.008.003.033 user1@lost62.111
- 006.008.003.036 user1@dres32.111
- 006.008.003.037 user1@fejk8.111
About the assignments of the STANAG-5066 addresses, the global-regional blocks are defined by the 4 most-significant bits of the full length address (i.e., the first element w of the dotted-decimal form w.x.y.z): from fig. 11, 6.x.y.z is assigned to Europe.
Within the global-regional blocks, specific 5066 addresses are assigned to individual Nations using the second element “x” of the dotted-decimal address form w.x.y.z.
Now, what european nation matches6.8.y.z?
The answer is in Table N-6 "National Address Schema" STANAG-5066 Edition 3 Annex N: 5066 is a NATO unclassified document that may circulated freely and is available on:
http://nso.nato-int/nso/zPublic/stanags/CURRENT/5066Ed03.pdf
Sadly, no part of S-5066 Edition 3 can be publishedbut the mentioned Table N-6 matches the "proposed allocations" which are visible at page 14 (here reported in fig. 12) of a very interesting pdf file freely downloadable from: http://www.hfindustry.com (note that NC3A,NATO C3 Agency, is now NCIA or NATO Communications and Information Agency).
It's worth noting that the stationsdfgh.123 and aysxd.111 exhibit the same S-5066 address 006.008.004.165, i.e. the same node: as far as I know a certain S-5066 address should not be shared by two or more nodes (duplicate address) hence we face the same physical node. Looking at the "Received"headers of one e-mail sent byaysxd.111 (fig. 13) we see thatthe e-mail is originated (from) and received (by) the same host linux-2o6y.site: this means that the e-mail client and the S-5066 gateway applicationare running inside that same host. Moreover, the IP address 127.0.0.1 (which refers the sender) is the address of the localhost: this means that the host linux-2o6y.site, i.e. the 006.008.004.165 S-5066 node, is not wired to a LAN.
Keeping in mind that a node is generally assumed to include the HF modem and radio (and cryptographic) equipment required for communications, a possible explanation could be the configuration in fig. 14, that also clarifies the lack of "cross-messaging" between AB-net and 5054-net: such traffic is handled "inside" the hosts. Unless they assigned the same S-5066 address to two distinct S-5066 nodes or use some other configuration that I do not know.
Rockwell-Collins HF Messenger allows a such configuration (fig. 15) in which two clients, belonging to different domains (i.e. two e-mail accounts), sharethe same S-5066 resource. Anyway, this is not our case since HFM only run on Windows-based pc and we face a Linux based nodes (SUSE Linux 3.1.14).
STANAG-5066 gateway application
The S-5066 application running in the Linux gateway nodes add the string"CROZ ESMTP/HMTP gateway" in the received-by header, most likely its "fingerprint":
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It is an application that acts either as Extended SMTP server (on the LAN side) or as HMTP gateway (on the HF network side). They do not use a Stanag-5066 applications from the most "popular" manufacturers in the place:
ABD1 006.008.004.166 user1@sdfg.123
ABG6 006.008.004.165 user1@dfgh.123
ABF2 006.008.006.226 user1@fghj.123
ABS5 006.008.008.215 user1@ghjk.123
ABK4 006.008.002.144 user1@jklp.123
ABH3 006.008.002.055 ?
[5054-net]
- 006.008.004.165 user1@aysxd.111 (ncs)
- 006.008.003.033 user1@lost62.111
- 006.008.003.036 user1@dres32.111
- 006.008.003.037 user1@fejk8.111
About the assignments of the STANAG-5066 addresses, the global-regional blocks are defined by the 4 most-significant bits of the full length address (i.e., the first element w of the dotted-decimal form w.x.y.z): from fig. 11, 6.x.y.z is assigned to Europe.
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| fig. 11 |
Now, what european nation matches6.8.y.z?
The answer is in Table N-6 "National Address Schema" STANAG-5066 Edition 3 Annex N: 5066 is a NATO unclassified document that may circulated freely and is available on:
http://nso.nato-int/nso/zPublic/stanags/CURRENT/5066Ed03.pdf
Sadly, no part of S-5066 Edition 3 can be publishedbut the mentioned Table N-6 matches the "proposed allocations" which are visible at page 14 (here reported in fig. 12) of a very interesting pdf file freely downloadable from: http://www.hfindustry.com (note that NC3A,NATO C3 Agency, is now NCIA or NATO Communications and Information Agency).
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| fig. 12 |
It's worth noting that the stationsdfgh.123 and aysxd.111 exhibit the same S-5066 address 006.008.004.165, i.e. the same node: as far as I know a certain S-5066 address should not be shared by two or more nodes (duplicate address) hence we face the same physical node. Looking at the "Received"headers of one e-mail sent byaysxd.111 (fig. 13) we see thatthe e-mail is originated (from) and received (by) the same host linux-2o6y.site: this means that the e-mail client and the S-5066 gateway applicationare running inside that same host. Moreover, the IP address 127.0.0.1 (which refers the sender) is the address of the localhost: this means that the host linux-2o6y.site, i.e. the 006.008.004.165 S-5066 node, is not wired to a LAN.
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| fig. 13 |
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| fig. 14 |
Rockwell-Collins HF Messenger allows a such configuration (fig. 15) in which two clients, belonging to different domains (i.e. two e-mail accounts), sharethe same S-5066 resource. Anyway, this is not our case since HFM only run on Windows-based pc and we face a Linux based nodes (SUSE Linux 3.1.14).
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| fig. 15 |
STANAG-5066 gateway application
The S-5066 application running in the Linux gateway nodes add the string"CROZ ESMTP/HMTP gateway" in the received-by header, most likely its "fingerprint":
It is an application that acts either as Extended SMTP server (on the LAN side) or as HMTP gateway (on the HF network side). They do not use a Stanag-5066 applications from the most "popular" manufacturers in the place:
| supplier | product | Windows | Linux | notes |
| Harris | RF-6750W | * | - | |
| Isode | Icon 5066 | * | * | (development, not released) |
| RapidM | RS66 | * | * | |
| Rockwell-Collins | HFM | * | - | |
| Rohde & Schwarz | R&S 5066 | * | - | (client part in Java) |
| Selex (Leonardo) | MDH | * | - | |
| Thales | - | * | - | (client part in Java) |
but rather the MoD preferredto havea proprietary product, entrusting the development of the application to CROZ, an IT Company located in Zagreb and Belgrade http://croz.net/en/, as contractor partner in the project. The result of this collaboration is the NATO Stanag-5066 compatible application named CroS5066 (fig. 16).
The mean features of the product can be read in their pubblication "CRO FYI" of September 2009, page 14: the publication is available for reading and download on their web site:
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| fig. 16 - CroS5066 schema |
http://croz.net/fyi/fyi-by-croz-broj-7/
CroS5066 is fully interoperable with other S-5066 systems, positive tests were made during NATO exercises Combined Endeavor 2008 (Lager Aulenbachhere, Germany and Lora Naval Base in Split, Croatia).
(to be continued)
CroS5066 is fully interoperable with other S-5066 systems, positive tests were made during NATO exercises Combined Endeavor 2008 (Lager Aulenbachhere, Germany and Lora Naval Base in Split, Croatia).
(to be continued)
